E-ISSN 2536-9520 | ISSN 1110-2047
 
2026, Vol: 89
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Original Article
Online Published: 05 Jun 2026
 


Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods

Nur A. M. Letfee, Adelaide J. P. Cristovao, Nolasco D. Costa, Deni Noviana, Jakaria, Chaerul Basri, Mokhamad F. Ulum.


Abstract
Optimizing the capabilities of a B-mode linear ultrasound transducer used by veterinary practitioners for pregnancy diagnosis in Garut ewes is crucial to enhance reproductive efficiency in sheep farming. This study used a linear transducer to compare the effectiveness and practical aspects of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) in pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. Eighty Garut ewes were used in this study, and both US methods were performed for each ewe on random days during gestation. The overall pregnancy rate was 83.75%, distributed across the early (28.4%), mid (35.8%), and late (35.8%) trimesters. The visibility of fetal structures and the agreement between methods for specific parameters were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Cochran test, and Cohen’s kappa. Overall, TRUS showed consistent success rates (100%) across all stages, while TAUS exhibited a low success rate (10.5%) in early pregnancy but improved success rates in the mid (83.3%) and late (95.8%) stages. A statistically significant difference was found (P = 0.000) at the early stage, suggesting that TAUS is ineffective. Although no significant difference was found (P > 0.050) in the mid- and late stages, indicating that both methods could be used, the Cochran test revealed a significant difference (P = 0.046) among the methods, but less pronounced. The agreement between TRUS and TAUS for most fetal parameters was low to moderate. No strong agreement was found, suggesting that no specific fetal parameters could be used for pregnancy diagnosis. Other factors, such as fetal development and operator experience, may also influence visualization. In conclusion, a single B-mode linear transducer can be optimized for both TRUS and TAUS in pregnancy diagnosis of Garut ewes, with TRUS remaining the most reliable approach for early gestation and TAUS becoming more applicable during mid- to late gestation.

Key words: pregnancy diagnosis, sheep, transabdominal, transrectal, ultrasonography


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Letfee NAM, Cristovao AJP, Costa ND, Noviana D, Jakaria , Basri C, Ulum MF. Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods. AJVS. Online First: 05 Jun, 2026. doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291

Web Style

Letfee NAM, Cristovao AJP, Costa ND, Noviana D, Jakaria , Basri C, Ulum MF. Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods. https://www.alexjvs.com/?mno=311291 [Access: June 23, 2026]. doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Letfee NAM, Cristovao AJP, Costa ND, Noviana D, Jakaria , Basri C, Ulum MF. Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods. AJVS. Online First: 05 Jun, 2026. doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Letfee NAM, Cristovao AJP, Costa ND, Noviana D, Jakaria , Basri C, Ulum MF. Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods. AJVS, [cited June 23, 2026]; Online First: 05 Jun, 2026. doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291


Harvard Style

Letfee, N. A. M., Cristovao, . A. J. P., Costa, . N. D., Noviana, . D., Jakaria, ., Basri, . C. & Ulum, . M. F. (0) Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods. AJVS, Online First: 05 Jun, 2026. doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291


Turabian Style

Letfee, Nur A. M., Adelaide J. P. Cristovao, Nolasco D. Costa, Deni Noviana, Jakaria, Chaerul Basri, and Mokhamad F. Ulum. 0. Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Online First: 05 Jun, 2026. doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291


Chicago Style

Letfee, Nur A. M., Adelaide J. P. Cristovao, Nolasco D. Costa, Deni Noviana, Jakaria, Chaerul Basri, and Mokhamad F. Ulum. "Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences Online First: 05 Jun, 2026. doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Letfee, Nur A. M., Adelaide J. P. Cristovao, Nolasco D. Costa, Deni Noviana, Jakaria, Chaerul Basri, and Mokhamad F. Ulum. "Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences Online First: 05 Jun, 2026. Web. 23 Jun 2026 doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Letfee, N. A. M., Cristovao, . A. J. P., Costa, . N. D., Noviana, . D., Jakaria, ., Basri, . C. & Ulum, . M. F. (0) Optimizing The Modality of B-mode Ultrasound Linear Transducer for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Garut Ewe: Comparative Analysis Transrectal and Transabdominal Imaging Methods. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Online First: 05 Jun, 2026. doi:10.5455/ajvs.311291




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